Exploring the Signs of Nutritional Deficiency
Signs of Nutritional deficiency in Pregnant and Lactating women
Eclampsia and its precursor conditions, preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension are associated with disturbances of calcium metabolism. Women with preeclampsia have a relative hypercalciuria, coupled with higher intact PTH concentrations and lower ionized calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, than do women with normal pregnancies. Because eclampsia is more frequent in countries where the customary calcium intake is low(152), and because the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension is higher among women with a low milk intake(<1 glass/day) than among those with a moderate intake(1–2 glasses/day)(96, 126), the hypothesis that dietary calcium deficiency is a primary factor in the pathogenesis of pregnancy-induced hypertension(109) has aroused considerable interest1.
Signs of Nutritional deficiency hampering growth and development
People can develop vitamin D deficiency when usual intakes are lower over time than recommended levels, exposure to sunlight is limited, the kidneys cannot convert 25(OH)D to its active form, or absorption of vitamin D from the digestive tract is inadequate. Diets low in vitamin D are more common in people who have milk allergy or lactose intolerance and those who consume an ovo-vegetarian or vegan diet 2
In children, vitamin D deficiency is manifested as rickets, a disease characterized by a failure of bone tissue to become properly mineralized, resulting in soft bones and skeletal deformities. In addition to bone deformities and pain, severe rickets can cause failure to thrive, developmental delay, hypocalcemic seizures, tetanic spasms, cardiomyopathy, and dental abnormalities.
In adults and adolescents, vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteomalacia, in which existing bone is incompletely or defectively mineralized during the remodelling process, resulting in weak bones.
Signs and symptoms of osteomalacia are similar to those of rickets and include bone deformities and pain, hypocalcemic seizures, tetanic spasms, and dental abnormalities
Screening for vitamin D status is becoming a more common part of the routine laboratory bloodwork ordered by primary-care physicians, irrespective of any indications for this practice3.
Understanding role of Nutritional Deficiency during Pregnancy and Lactation
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